What characterizes 'elite controllers' in HIV?

Elite controllers are a unique group of individuals infected with HIV who are able to maintain viral suppression without the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART). This means that their immune systems are effectively controlling the replication of the virus, allowing them to maintain undetectable viral loads. This ability is thought to be linked to strong immune responses, particularly the role of certain immune cells and the presence of specific genetic factors.

The characteristic of controlling HIV replication without therapy distinguishes elite controllers from those who require continuous medication to manage their viral load. This ability not only helps them avoid the complications associated with untreated HIV infection but also contributes to their overall health, allowing them to live longer without the adverse effects of ART. In contrast, individuals who are symptomatic with HIV, resistant to all infections, or require high doses of ART do not fit the profile of elite controllers and do not exhibit the same level of natural viral control.