How does long-term HIV infection affect cardiovascular health?

Long-term HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This relationship is largely influenced by a combination of factors, including chronic inflammation and immune activation that persist even in individuals who receive effective antiretroviral therapy. These immune dysregulations can lead to metabolic changes, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Additionally, HIV itself can have direct effects on the cardiovascular system by promoting endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions. Other factors, such as co-infections (like hepatitis C), lifestyle factors, and the side effects of certain antiretroviral medications, further complicate cardiovascular health in individuals living with long-term HIV. Consequently, ongoing cardiovascular risk assessment and management strategies are essential for this population.